The
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change.
What is the Proto-Renaissance?
"Proto-Renaissance" refers to the pre-Renaissance period (c.1300-1400) in Italy, and the activities of progressive painters such as Giotto (1267-1337). The Renaissance proper began around 1400 in the city of Florence, but its ideals and methods did not become a dominant force in European art until the mid-15th century.
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Fresco mural painting
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Tempera panel painting
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Book illuminations
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Sculpture
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Goldsmiths and other forms of metalwork.
1- Humanism:
Renaissance humanism was not a philosophy but a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval scholastic mode. The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body, which could be attained with education. The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any situation.
2- Art:
Renaissance art marks a cultural rebirth at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the Modern world. One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective. Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337) During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system. These can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters.
3- Religion:
The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil. The late Middle Ages was a period of political intrigue surrounding the Papacy, culminating in the Western Schism, in which three men simultaneously claimed to be true Bishop of Rome.
3- LANGUAGE CHANGES AND REASONS:
During The Renaissance, there were many changes in English Language including pronunciation, grammar, and spelling. Before Renaissance After Renaissance Dette Debt Doute Doubt Indite Indict Quire Choir Faute Fault Example of Spelling Change Example of Grammar Change • 10,000-12,000 new words entered the English lexicon. For example: aberration, allusion, democratic, enthusiasm, imaginary, juvenile, sophisticated. • Many of these words were borrowed from Latin, both in classical and medieval forms. Example of Pronunciation Change • The pronunciation of word ‘a’ became ‘ei’ in some words. E.g. Cake, Ale, Dame, Fame. • The long vowel ‘e’ was represented by ‘ee’, ‘ie’, ‘ea’. E.g. feet, seek, deep, heat, seat, cat, field, believe. The vast impact of the Renaissance carried out a flood of new thoughts and knowledge. It helped in artificially and made a distinction between literary and spoken English
The main types of art practiced during the Proto-Renaissance period included:
Black
Death
One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th century Italy. Italy was particularly badly hit by the plague. The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe, not only Italy. The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most the result of the complex interaction of the above factors.